STEM QUIZ

1. Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Arithmetic

• Mole Concept: Definition of Mole, Avogadro’s Number, Molar Volume, Vapor Density.
• Formulas: Empirical Formula vs. Molecular Formula, Formula Unit Mass.
• Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Gay Lussac’s Law, Gas Equation.

2. Chemical Reactions and Equations

• Reaction Types: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double Displacement, Precipitation, Neutralization.
• Redox: Oxidation (gain of oxygen/loss of hydrogen), Reduction (loss of oxygen/gain of hydrogen), Oxidizing and Reducing Agents.
• Observations: Evolution of gas, Change in color/temperature, Formation of precipitate.
• Balancing: Conservation of Mass.

3. Periodic Classification of Elements

• Historical Models: Döbereiner’s Triads, Newlands’ Law of Octaves, Mendeléev’s Periodic Table.
• Modern Periodic Table: Arrangement by Atomic Number, Groups and Periods.
• Trends: Variations in Valency, Atomic Size, Metallic/Non-metallic character, Electronegativity.

4. Metals and Non-Metals

• Physical & Chemical Properties: Ion formation (Cations vs. Anions), Reactivity Series.
• Metallurgy: Ore concentration, Roasting, Calcination, Reduction, Refining.
• Extraction: Aluminum (Bayer Process, Hall- Heroult ), Iron, Zinc.
• Alloys & Corrosion: Amalgams, Brass, Bronze, Galvanization, Rusting.

5. Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Concepts: Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions, pH Scale, Indicators (Litmus, Phenolphthalein).
• Reactions: Neutralization, Action on Metal Oxides/Carbonates/Bicarbonates.
• Salts: Water of Crystallization, Preparation and uses of Washing Soda, Baking Soda, Bleaching Powder, Plaster of Paris.

6. Carbon and its Compounds

• Bonding: Covalent bonding, Catenation, Tetravalency.
• Hydrocarbons: Saturated (Alkanes) vs. Unsaturated (Alkenes, Alkynes), Isomerism.
• Functional Groups: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids.
• Homologous Series: Gradation in physical properties, Similar chemical properties.
• Important Compounds: Ethanol (Properties, Dehydration), Ethanoic Acid (Esterification), Soaps and Detergents (Saponification).

7. Electrolysis

• Principles: Electrolytes (Strong/Weak/Non-electrolytes), Dissociation of ions.
• Process: Migration of ions to Electrodes (Anode/Cathode), Oxidation at Anode, Reduction at Cathode.
• Applications: Electroplating, Electrorefining of metals.